2016 AAPM Annual Meeting
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Session Title: High impact Technologies for Low Resource Environments
Question 1: The estimated number of medical physicists needed in LMICs by 2020 is:
Reference:Datta et al, Radiation Therapy Infrastructure and Human Resources in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Present Status and Projections for 2020, IJROBP 89(3), 448-457, 2014
Choice A:130
Choice B:1,300
Choice C:13,000
Choice D:130,000
Question 2: The highest incidence cancers in low Human Development Index regions are (starting with the highest incidence:
Reference:Atun et al, Expanding global access to radiotherapy, Lancet Oncol 16, 1153-86, 2015
Choice A:Lung, prostate, liver
Choice B:Breast, Cervix uteri, Liver
Choice C:Lung, prostate, liver
Choice D:Prostate, lung, breast
Question 3: Fully automated treatment planning has already been demonstrated for some treatment sites, while saving at least 1 hour of hands-on time...
Reference:Voet et al, Fully automated volumetric modulated arc therapy plan generation for prostate cancer patients, IJROBP 88(5), 1175-1179, 2014
Choice A:True.
Choice B:False.
Question 4: The estimated number of additional RT machines needed in LMICs by 2020:
Reference:Datta et al, IJROBP 89(3), 448-457, 2014
Choice A:None: Full genomic sequencing and personalised hormonal therapies will have replaced RT by then.
Choice B:About 100
Choice C:About 1000
Choice D:About 10000
Question 5: The concept of Lean or Frugal Innovation drives:
Reference:Tiwari, R. and C. Herstatt, Assessing India's lead market potential for cost-effective innovations. Journal of Indian Business Research, 2012. 4(2): p. 97-115.
Choice A:The intention of creating well-designed high-quality products whose affordability is paramount and driven by economies of scale in manufacturing.
Choice B:Bloated linear economic business models of design, produce, sell, consume, waste.
Choice C:All underlying decisions needed to create sustainable and accessible RT for low-resource sectors.
Question 6: Barriers to implementing high-impact RT technology in LMICs includes...
Reference:Atun, R., et al., Expanding global access to radiotherapy. The Lancet Oncology, 2015. 16(10): p. 1153-1186.
Choice A:Limited resources in health systems
Choice B:Lack of reliable electricity
Choice C:High-staff to patient ratio requirements
Choice D:Analysis Paralysis
Choice E:All of the above
Question 7: Nano-X aims to deliver high-impact RT w/o the price tag by....
Reference:Eslick, E.M. and P.J. Keall, The Nano-X Linear Accelerator A Compact and Economical Cancer Radiotherapy System Incorporating Patient Rotation. Technology in cancer research & treatment, 2014: p. tcrt. 2012.500436.
Choice A:Utilizing a fixed-beam linac and patient rotation system, reduced vault size and real-time adaptive treatment.
Choice B:Designing a radiotherapy system which is optimized for major teaching hospitals in metropolitan centres of high-income countries.
Choice C:All of the above.
Question 8: The International Education Subcommittee (IES) within ASTRO’s Educational Council has identified the lack of equipment and physicist training as major obstacles in Africa?
Reference:Mayr et al, International Outreach: What is the responsibility of ASTRO and the major international radiation oncology societies?, Int. J. Rad. Bio. Phys. 89(3), 481-484
Choice A:True.
Choice B:False.
Question 9: In both China and India, the ability to safely implement advanced radiation oncology technologies with sold QA programs is a significant challenge?
Reference:Mayr et al, International Outreach: What is the responsibility of ASTRO and the major international radiation oncology societies?, Int. J. Rad. Bio. Phys. 89(3), 481-484
Choice A:True.
Choice B:False.
Question 10: The absorption spectra measured from tissue should linearly related to the concentration of haemoglobin. However, there are several variables that can affect this linearity. Which one below DOES NOT affect this linearity?
Reference:Gregory M. Palmer et al, "Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms," Appl. Opt. 45, 1062-1071 (2006)
Choice A:The non linear effects of tissue scattering.
Choice B:Non linear absorption of blood plasma.
Choice C:Non-linear camera effects.
Choice D:Variation in illumination.
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