Question 1: What fiducial marker is not recommended for proton therapy?
|
Reference: | Newhauser W, et al. Phys. Med. Biol. 2007;52:2937–2952
Cheung J, et al. Phys. Med. Biol. 2010;55:7135–7147
Lim Y, et al. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2009;74:1609–1616
Ahn S, et al. Med. Phys. 2015;42:2626-2637
|
Choice A: | Carbon coated ZrO2 fiducial marker. |
Choice B: | Microscopic gold particles. |
Choice C: | Conventional gold fiducial marker with a diameter of 1.2 mm and a length of 3.0 mm. |
Choice D: | Plastic coated stainless steel marker. |
Choice E: | BaSo4 mixed with polymer phosphate buffer saline. |
Question 2: Which of the following statements is false regarding the use of fiducial markers in proton therapy treatment of prostate cancer?
|
Reference: | Lim Y, et al. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2009;74:1609–1616
Newhauser W, et al. Phys. Med. Biol. 2007;52:2937–2952
|
Choice A: | Good radiographic visibility for diagnostic X-rays is required. |
Choice B: | Fiducial markers should have minimal impact on dose delivery. |
Choice C: | Fiducial markers should produce minimal artifacts in the CT images used for treatment planning. |
Choice D: | There should be little or no migration of the marker over the course of treatment. |
Choice E: | Fiducial markers should be oriented parallel to the direction of the beam. |
Question 3: Which of following item would be best to account for the system latency for real-time fiducial tracking technique based on pairs of x-ray images?
|
Reference: | Rottmann J, Berbeco R, ‘Using an external surrogate for predictor model training in real-time motion management of lung tumors’, Med Phys. 2014 Dec; 41(12):121706. doi: 10.1118/1.4901252. |
Choice A: | Linear correlation model between the internal/external fiducials created before treatment. |
Choice B: | Linear correlation model between the internal/external fiducials created before and during treatment. |
Choice C: | An adaptive prediction model between the internal/external fiducials before and during treatment. |
Choice D: | An adaptive prediction model between the internal/external fiducials before treatment. |
Question 4: Which direction has the largest prediction uncertainties in the CyberKnife real-time tracking technique in the lung?
|
Reference: | Pepin EW, Wu H, Zhang Y, Lord B., ‘Correlation and prediction uncertainties in the cyberknife synchrony respiratory tracking system’, Med Phys. 2011 Jul;38(7): 4036-44. |
Choice A: | The lateral direction. |
Choice B: | The superior-inferior direction. |
Choice C: | The anterior-posterior direction. |
Choice D: | None of the above. |
Question 5: Implanted markers have been used as target surrogates in which of the following sites?
|
Reference: | Litzenberg D, Dawson LA, Sandler H, Sanda MG, McShan DL, Ten Haken RK, Lam KL, Brock KK, Balter JM. Daily prostate targeting using implanted radiopaque markers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Mar 1;52(3):699-703.
2. Shirato H, Seppenwoolde Y, Kitamura K, Onimura R, Shimizu S. Intrafractional tumor motion: lung and liver. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2004 Jan;14(1):10-8. |
Choice A: | Liver |
Choice B: | Prostate |
Choice C: | Lung |
Choice D: | All of the above |
Question 6: Which issue listed below will affect target localization with implanted markers?
|
Reference: | Imura M, Yamazaki K, Shirato H, Onimaru R, Fujino M, Shimizu S, Harada T, Ogura S, Dosaka-Akita H, Miyasaka K, Nishimura M. Insertion and fixation of fiducial markers for setup and tracking of lung tumors in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Dec 1;63(5):1442-7. Epub 2005 Aug 18 |
Choice A: | Marker stability |
Choice B: | Tissue deformation |
Choice C: | Imaging artifacts/distortion |
Choice D: | All of the above |