2017 AAPM Annual Meeting
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Session Title: Nanoparticles for Imaging and Therapy
Question 1: The preponderance of evidence suggests that radiation sensitization is achieved when gold nanoparticles are:
Reference:Wolfe T, Chatterjee D, Lee J, Grant JD, Bhattarai S, Tailor R, Goodrich G, Nicolucci P, Krishnan S. Targeted gold nanoparticles enhance sensitization of prostate tumors to megavoltage radiation therapy in vivo. Nanomedicine. 2015 Jul;11(5):1277-83.
Choice A:Present outside the target cell.
Choice B:Internalized by the target cell.
Choice C:Present outside the neighboring cells.
Choice D:Internalized by the neighboring cells.
Question 2: Based on available preclinical data, the optimal size for cellular internalization and radiosensitization in vitro is:
Reference:Chithrani DB, Jelveh S, Jalali F, van Prooijen M, Allen C, Bristow RG, Hill RP, Jaffray DA. Gold nanoparticles as radiation sensitizers in cancer therapy. Radiat Res. 2010 Jun;173(6):719-28.
Choice A:0.5-1 nm.
Choice B:5-20 nm.
Choice C:20-60 nm.
Choice D:100-200 nm.
Question 3: The organs with the greatest accumulation of intravenously delivered gold nanoparticles are:
Reference:Schuemann J, Berbeco R, Chithrani DB, Cho SH, Kumar R, McMahon SJ, Sridhar S, Krishnan S. Roadmap to Clinical Use of Gold Nanoparticles for Radiation Sensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016 Jan 1;94(1):189-205.
Choice A:Liver and spleen.
Choice B:Heart and lung.
Choice C:Bladder and kidneys.
Choice D:Intestines and kidneys.
Question 4: Typical intratumoral gold concentrations achieved by intravenous administration of gold nanoparticles can be visualized by:
Reference:Schuemann J, Berbeco R, Chithrani DB, Cho SH, Kumar R, McMahon SJ, Sridhar S, Krishnan S. Roadmap to Clinical Use of Gold Nanoparticles for Radiation Sensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016 Jan 1;94(1):189-205.
Choice A:Computed tomography.
Choice B:Magnetic resonance imaging.
Choice C:Positron emission tomography.
Choice D:Ultrasound.
Choice E:None of the above.
Question 5: The kidney clearance threshold is:
Reference:Lammers et al. Drug targeting the tumors: Principles, pitfalls and (pre-) clinical progress. Journal of Controlled Release. 2012; 161 (2): 175-187.
Choice A:0.5-1 nm.
Choice B:1-5 nm.
Choice C:5-10 nm.
Choice D:50-100 nm.
Question 6: EPR is extensively used in drug delivery research. What does it mean?
Reference:Lammers et al. Drug targeting the tumors: Principles, pitfalls and (pre-) clinical progress. Journal of Controlled Release. 2012; 161 (2): 175-187.
Choice A:Enhanced permeability and retention.
Choice B:Enhanced penetration and retention.
Choice C:Enhanced permeability and resorption.
Choice D:Enhanced penetration and resorption.
Question 7: The EPR effect is:
Reference:Lammers et al. Drug targeting the tumors: Principles, pitfalls and (pre-) clinical progress. Journal of Controlled Release. 2012; 161 (2): 175-187.
Choice A:Increases volume of distribution.
Choice B:Slows down renal excretion.
Choice C:Avoids hepatic degradation.
Choice D:Promotes tissue penetration.
Question 8: The EPR effect is:
Reference:Lammers et al. Drug targeting the tumors: Principles, pitfalls and (pre-) clinical progress. Journal of Controlled Release. 2012; 161 (2): 175-187.
Choice A:Highly efficient for all sorts of metastases.
Choice B:Variable between different patients.
Choice C:The basis for molecularly targeted therapeutics.
Choice D:One of the hallmark of hematological cancers .
Question 9: Which of the following are important considerations when evaluating the translational potential of a nanoparticle formulation?
Reference:Schuemann et al.. Roadmap to clinical use of gold nanoparticles for radiosensitization. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2016; 94(1): 189-205.  
Choice A:Preclinical toxicity.
Choice B:Biodistribution and clearance.
Choice C:Stability.
Choice D:Therapeutic efficacy.
Choice E:All of the above.
Question 10: Which of the following types of experiments are important for clinical translation?
Reference:Schuemann et al.. Roadmap to clinical use of gold nanoparticles for radiosensitization. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2016; 94(1): 189-205.  
Choice A:In vitro imaging.
Choice B:Uptake and efficacy in rodent tumor models.
Choice C:Non-human primate olfactory compatibility.
Choice D:PQRS imaging sequences.
Choice E:All of the above.
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