2017 AAPM Annual Meeting
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Session Title: Advances in Ultrasound Contrast Agents and Elastography
Question 1: The CFPD technique suppresses which kind of signals:
Reference:Y. L. Li and J. J. Dahl, “Coherent flow power Doppler (CFPD): Flow detection using spatial coherence beamforming,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Control, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1022–1035, Jun. 2015.
Choice A:Ultrasound waves having high spatial similarity.
Choice B:Ultrasound waves having low spatial similarity.
Choice C:Ultrasound waves having high temporal similarity.
Choice D:Ultrasound waves having low temporal similarity.
Question 2: The following represent an improvement, or enhancement, that is enabled by CFPD, EXCEPT:
Reference:“Coherent flow power Doppler (CFPD): Flow detection using spatial coherence beamforming,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Control, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1022–1035, Jun. 2015.
Choice A:Detection of slower flow.
Choice B:Increase in signal-to-noise ratio.
Choice C:Smaller Doppler ensemble length.
Choice D:Increased resolution.
Question 3: Assuming a hypoxic tumor with intra-tumoral oxygen partial pressure of 2 mmHg, the addition of 10 mmHg O2 results in:
Reference:Moulder JE, Rockwell S. Tumor hypoxia: its impact on cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1987; 5(4):313-41.
Choice A:No change in radiosensitivity.
Choice B:A 30-150% improvement in relative radiosensitivity .
Choice C:Tumor eradication.
Choice D:None of the above.
Question 4: Oxygen-filled microbubble destruction can improve radiosensitivity of hypoxic tumors via which of the following mechanisms:
Reference:Al-Mahrouki AA, Wong E, Czarnota GJ. Ultrasound-stimulated microbubble enhancement of radiation treatments: endothelial cell function and mechanism. Oncoscience. 2015;2(12):944-57. Eisenbrey JR, Albala L, Kramer MR, et al. Development of an ultrasound sensitive oxygen carrier for oxygen delivery to hypoxic tissue. Int J Pham. 2015; 478(1):361-5.
Choice A:Localized delivery of oxygen..
Choice B:Microbubble cavitation initiating ceramide signaling leading to vascular disruption.
Choice C:Both a and b.
Choice D:Neither a or b.
Question 5: Microbubble contrasts agents are excellent ultrasound scatterers because their core material is:
Reference:Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO.
Choice A:Gas.
Choice B:Liquid.
Choice C:Solid.
Choice D:Core material is not relevant.
Question 6: Microbubble contrast agents can resonate when exposed to ultrasound energy. This phenomena is known as:
Reference:Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO.
Choice A:Acoustic streaming.
Choice B:Reverberation.
Choice C:Asynchronous vibration.
Choice D:Stable cavitation.
Question 7: Ultrasound elastography is a method to assess the mechanical properties of tissue. There are various techniques of elastography, including:
Reference:Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO.
Choice A:Static.
Choice B:Shear wave.
Choice C:Dynamic.
Choice D:All of above.
Question 8: In terms of Doppler ultrasound, which of the following statement regarding power and color Doppler is true?
Reference:Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO.
Choice A:Color Doppler displays the amplitude of the ultrasound.
Choice B:Power Doppler is displayed in grey scale.
Choice C:Power Doppler provides quantitative assessment of blood flow velocities.
Choice D:Color Doppler provides quantitative assessment of blood flow velocities.
Question 9: For imaging applications, the ultrasound pulse typically consists of 3 cycles. For a breast ultrasound scanner, a 10 MHz transducer is used. What is the resolution of this ultrasound scan?
Reference:Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO.
Choice A:0.92 mm
Choice B:0.46 mm
Choice C:0.23 mm
Choice D:0.12 mm
Question 10: The speed of sound in bone is ____ than in soft tissue:
Reference:Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO.
Choice A:Faster.
Choice B:Same.
Choice C:Slower.
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