Question 1: CD8 + T cells are important for: |
Reference: | Irradiation and Immunotherapy: From Concept to the Clinic, April K. S. Salama, MD; Michael A. Postow, MD; and Joseph K. Salama, MD Cancer, Vol 122, Issue 11, pp1659-1671, 2016 |
Choice A: | Direct killing of tumor cells. |
Choice B: | Helping B cells produce antibody. |
Choice C: | Are part of the innate immune system. |
Choice D: | Making antibodies. |
Question 2: The primary function of Dendritic cells is to: |
Reference: | Irradiation and Immunotherapy: From Concept to the Clinic, April K. S. Salama, MD; Michael A. Postow, MD; and Joseph K. Salama, MD Cancer, Vol 122, Issue 11, pp1659-1671, 2016 |
Choice A: | Control blood pressure. |
Choice B: | Conduct nerve impulses. |
Choice C: | Make antibodies. |
Choice D: | Present antigen. |
Question 3: Cytokines are : |
Reference: | Irradiation and Immunotherapy: From Concept to the Clinic, April K. S. Salama, MD; Michael A. Postow, MD; and Joseph K. Salama, MD Cancer, Vol 122, Issue 11, pp1659-1671, 2016 |
Choice A: | Antibodies. |
Choice B: | Part of the granzyme B complex. |
Choice C: | Circulating immune mediators. |
Choice D: | Produced only by dendritic cells. |
Question 4: Targeting the tumor with local radiotherapy during immunotherapy can: |
Reference: | Formenti SC, Demaria S. Combining radiotherapy and cancer immunotherapy: a paradigm shift. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(4):256-265. |
Choice A: | Enhance in field responses. |
Choice B: | Enhance out of the field responses. |
Choice C: | Enhance both in field and out of field responses. |
Choice D: | Reduce toxicity of immune checkpoint blockade strategies. |
Choice E: | None of the above. |
Question 5: Localized Ionizing Radiation has: |
Reference: | Demaria S, Golden EB, Formenti SC. Role of Local Radiation Therapy in Cancer Immunotherapy. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Aug 13. |
Choice A: | Pro-immunogenic effects. |
Choice B: | Immunosuppressive effects. |
Choice C: | Both a and b. |
Choice D: | Neither a not b. |
Question 6: The Neutrophils/Lymphocytes ratio: |
Reference: | Cannon NA1, Meyer J, Iyengar P, Ahn C, Westover KD, Choy H, Timmerman R., Neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios as prognostic factors after stereotactic radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer., J Thorac Oncol. 2015 Feb;10(2):280-5. |
Choice A: | Is measured within the tumor. |
Choice B: | Is measured in the blood. |
Choice C: | Predicts for toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade. |
Choice D: | None of the above. |
Choice E: | All of the above. |
Question 7: The radiation fractionation scheme(s) proven to enhance the clinical immune response: |
Reference: | Aryankalayil MJ, Defining molecular signature of pro-immunogenic radiotherapy targets in human prostate cancer cells. Radiat Res. 2014 Aug;182(2):139-48 |
Choice A: | 18 Gy single dose with the check point inhibitor 2 hr after start of radiation. |
Choice B: | 6 Gy x 5 over 1 week, M-F with check-point inhibitor Sunday (day 0) and Sat (day 6). |
Choice C: | 8 Gy on M, Th week 1 and Wed, week 2 each Fx preceded by check-point inhibitor. |
Choice D: | All of the above. |
Choice E: | None of the above |
Question 8: Giving any radiation above 0.5 Gy to the draining lymph node has been shown to be detrimental so that IGRT and/or particle therapy are required for treating the sentinel lesion. |
Reference: | Kanagavelu S, In vivo effects of lattice radiation therapy on local and distant lung cancer: potential role of immunomodulation. Radiat Res. 2014 Aug;182(2):149-62. |
Choice A: | True |
Choice B: | False |
Question 9: Which of the following best describes the abscopal effect ? |
Reference: | Silvia C. Formenti, M.D and Sandra Demaria, M.D, Systemic effects of local radiotherapy, Lancet Oncol. 2009 July; 10(7): 718–726 |
Choice A: | When tumor cells undergo cell-suicide. |
Choice B: | When a local treatment causes tumor shrinkage at a distant site. |
Choice C: | When un-treated cells neighboring treated cells die. |
Question 10: The major challenge to using Cherenkov light from a clinical MV photon beam to activate psoralen (a photo-therapeutic responding to UV light) is likely to be ..... |
Reference: | Axelsson et al., Cerenkov emission induced by external beam radiation stimulates molecular florescence, Medical Physics, 38(7), July 2011 |
Choice A: | Generating Cherenkov light at all depths in tumor tissue |
Choice B: | Generating Cherenkov light at the activation wavelength. |
Choice C: | Generating Cherenkov light of sufficient intensity in tissue. |
Choice D: | Delivering a photo-therapeutic to the tissue to be treated. |