| Question 1: The only feature available in FDA cleared fluorescence imaging systems today is: |
| Reference: | DSouza AV, Lin H, Henderson ER, Samkoe KS, Pogue BW. “Review of fluorescence guided surgery systems: identification of key performance capabilities beyond indocyanine green imaging” J Biomed Opt. 2016 Aug 1;21(8):80901.
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| Choice A: | Operation under any lighting conditions. |
| Choice B: | PicoMolar sensitivity to the probe concentration. |
| Choice C: | Molecular binding and uptake. |
| Choice D: | Perfusion imaging. |
| Question 2: The key limitation in targeted fluorescence imaging for cancer tumor margin detection is:
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| Reference: | Pogue BW, Paulsen KD, Samkoe KS, Elliott JT, Hasan T, Strong TV, Draney DR, Feldwisch J. “Vision 20/20: Molecular-guided surgical oncology based upon tumor metabolism or immunologic phenotype: Technological pathways for point of care imaging and intervention” Med Phys. 2016 Jun;43(6):3143. |
| Choice A: | Background signal from normal tissue. |
| Choice B: | Confounding light signals in the room. |
| Choice C: | Enhanced permeability and retention. |
| Choice D: | The tumor type. |
| Question 3: The main disadvantage of confocal microscopy for intraoperative imaging is: |
| Reference: | Abeytunge S, Li Y, Larson B, Toledo-Crow R, Rajadhyaksha M. Rapid confocal imaging of large areas of excised tissue with strip mosaicing. Journal of Biomedical Optics. 2011;16(5):050504. doi:10.1117/1.3582335. |
| Choice A: | Signal to noise ratio. |
| Choice B: | Contrast. |
| Choice C: | Resolution. |
| Choice D: | Speed. |
| Question 4: Unlike conventional microscopy methods, light-sheet microscopy utilizes: |
| Reference: | Santi PA. Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy: A Review. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 2011;59(2):129-138. doi:10.1369/0022155410394857. |
| Choice A: | Pulsed lasers. |
| Choice B: | Separate illumination and collection paths oriented at 90 degrees. |
| Choice C: | Ultraviolet excitation light. |
| Choice D: | Photomultiplier tubes for fluorescence detection. |
| Question 5: All of the following are advantages of using near-infrared fluorescence imaging except:
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| Reference: | Visgauss J, Eward W, Brigman B. Innovations in Intraoperative Tumor Visualization. Orthop Clin N Am. 2016; 47: 253–264.
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| Choice A: | Greater depth of field. |
| Choice B: | Decreased autofluorescence for reduction of background noise. |
| Choice C: | Increased absorption by hemoglobin and lipids which improve optimal surgical use. |
| Choice D: | Enhanced tissue penetration and decreased scattering. |
| Question 6: Unlike optical imaging, optoacoustic imaging: |
| Reference: | de Boer E, Harlaar N, Taruttis A, Nagengast W, Rosenthal E, Ntziachristos V, van Dam G. Optical innovations in surgery. British Journal of Surgery. 2015; 102: e56–e72.
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| Choice A: | Offers high resolution at depths of up to a few centimeters. |
| Choice B: | Detects optical absorption by means of a charge-coupled device camera. |
| Choice C: | Demonstrates decreased absorption by hemoglobin. |
| Choice D: | Does not permit detection of melanin. |
