| Question 1: Jack fowler’s early education and training was in the field of: |
| Reference: | Presented in the abstract |
| Choice A: | Biology. |
| Choice B: | Mathematical modeling. |
| Choice C: | Biophysics. |
| Choice D: | Radiation Physics. |
| Choice E: | Biochemistry. |
| Question 2: Jack Fowler was a pioneer in which of the following fields: |
| Reference: | Presented in the abstract. |
| Choice A: | Effects of radiation on conductivity of plastics. |
| Choice B: | Solid-state dosimetry. |
| Choice C: | Arc radiotherapy dose distributions. |
| Choice D: | Fractionation effects in radiotherapy. |
| Choice E: | All of the above. |
| Question 3: In the early 1960s, Jack Fowler proposed using a mathematical model to define the biological effectiveness of a course of fractionated radiotherapy. This was the_________model. |
| Reference: | Fowler JF. Development of radiobiology for oncology—a personal view. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2006 Jun 20;51(13):R263. |
| Choice A: | The linear-quadratic. |
| Choice B: | Nominal Standard Dose. |
| Choice C: | Time-Dose-Fraction (TDF). |
| Choice D: | CRE. |
| Choice E: | LNT. |
| Question 4: Jack Fowler popularized the useful term ‘BED,' which is defined as follows: |
| Reference: | Fowler JF. Development of radiobiology for oncology—a personal view. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2006 Jun 20;51(13):R263. |
| Choice A: | Biologically Effective Dose, defined at 2 Gy/day. |
| Choice B: | Biologically Effective Dose if given in many small fractions. |
| Choice C: | Biologically Equivalent Dose, defined at 2 Gy/day. |
| Choice D: | Biologically Equivalent Dose if given in many small fractions. |
| Choice E: | Berendsen Equivalent Dose, in honor of Eddie Berendsen’s contributions to radiobiology. |
| Question 5: In the early 1980’s Jack Fowler and other investigators proposed that late and acute radiotherapy effects had different fractionation dependencies reflecting underlying cellular repair characteristics. Jack often summarized typical characteristics as: |
| Reference: | J. Stitt, J. Fowler, B., Thomadsen, D. Buchler, B. Paliwal, T. Kinsella High Dose Rate Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Carcinoma of the Cervix: The Madison System: I. Clinical and Radiobiological Considerations Int J Radia Oncol Biol Phys 24: 335-348 (1992). |
| Choice A: | Alpha/beta = 10 for late responding tissues and 3 for acutely responding tissues. |
| Choice B: | Alpha/beta = 3 for late responding tissues and 10 for acutely responding tissues. |
| Choice C: | Acutely responding tissues gain tolerance depending on an overall time factor. |
| Question 6: If the dose-limiting, normal tissue toxicity of interest is characterized by an a/ß ratio of 6 Gy, and the corresponding tumor possesses an a/ß ratio of 2 Gy, it is most likely that a patient being treated for this type of cancer would benefit from: |
| Reference: | Fowler JF: The radiobiology of prostate cancer including new aspects of fractionated radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 44:265-76, 2005 |
| Choice A: | Split course treatment. |
| Choice B: | Accelerated treatment. |
| Choice C: | Hypofractionation. |
| Choice D: | Hyperfractionation. |
| Question 7: Late developing radiation toxicities: |
| Reference: | Fowler JF: The radiobiology of prostate cancer including new aspects of fractionated radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 44:265-76, 2005 |
| Choice A: | Are typically seen during or within the first few weeks after radiotherapy. |
| Choice B: | Can be reduced by lowering the total dose. |
| Choice C: | Will be decreased if the same total dose is given in smaller fractions. |
| Choice D: | B and C. |
| Question 8: Which of the following tumors is (are) thought to have a lower alpha/beta ratio than most late responding normal organs and tissues:
|
| Reference: | Fowler JF: The radiobiology of prostate cancer including new aspects of fractionated radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 44:265-76, 2005 |
| Choice A: | Prostate cancer. |
| Choice B: | Lung cancer. |
| Choice C: | Melanoma. |
| Choice D: | A and C. |
| Question 9: The linear-quadratic equation is an actual description of the biology behind radiation effects.
|
| Reference: | Fowler JF. Development of radiobiology for oncology—a personal view. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2006 Jun 20;51(13):R263. |
| Choice A: | True. |
| Choice B: | False. |
| Question 10: The linear-quadratic model works for any treatment dose rate or delivery duration.
|
| Reference: | Bentzen, SM. Equieffective dose and bioeffect modeling – In reply to Dr. Fowler. Radiot and Oncol 108: 355, 2013
|
| Choice A: | True. |
| Choice B: | False. |
