| Question 1: The CFPD technique suppresses which kind of signals: |
| Reference: | Y. L. Li and J. J. Dahl, “Coherent flow power Doppler (CFPD): Flow detection using spatial coherence beamforming,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Control, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1022–1035, Jun. 2015. |
| Choice A: | Ultrasound waves having high spatial similarity. |
| Choice B: | Ultrasound waves having low spatial similarity. |
| Choice C: | Ultrasound waves having high temporal similarity. |
| Choice D: | Ultrasound waves having low temporal similarity. |
| Question 2: The following represent an improvement, or enhancement, that is enabled by CFPD, EXCEPT: |
| Reference: | “Coherent flow power Doppler (CFPD): Flow detection using spatial coherence beamforming,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Control, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1022–1035, Jun. 2015. |
| Choice A: | Detection of slower flow. |
| Choice B: | Increase in signal-to-noise ratio. |
| Choice C: | Smaller Doppler ensemble length. |
| Choice D: | Increased resolution. |
| Question 3: Assuming a hypoxic tumor with intra-tumoral oxygen partial pressure of 2 mmHg, the addition of 10 mmHg O2 results in: |
| Reference: | Moulder JE, Rockwell S. Tumor hypoxia: its impact on cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1987; 5(4):313-41. |
| Choice A: | No change in radiosensitivity. |
| Choice B: | A 30-150% improvement in relative radiosensitivity . |
| Choice C: | Tumor eradication. |
| Choice D: | None of the above. |
| Question 4: Oxygen-filled microbubble destruction can improve radiosensitivity of hypoxic tumors via which of the following mechanisms: |
| Reference: | Al-Mahrouki AA, Wong E, Czarnota GJ. Ultrasound-stimulated microbubble enhancement of radiation treatments: endothelial cell function and mechanism. Oncoscience. 2015;2(12):944-57.
Eisenbrey JR, Albala L, Kramer MR, et al. Development of an ultrasound sensitive oxygen carrier for oxygen delivery to hypoxic tissue. Int J Pham. 2015; 478(1):361-5.
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| Choice A: | Localized delivery of oxygen.. |
| Choice B: | Microbubble cavitation initiating ceramide signaling leading to vascular disruption. |
| Choice C: | Both a and b. |
| Choice D: | Neither a or b. |
| Question 5: Microbubble contrasts agents are excellent ultrasound scatterers because their core material is: |
| Reference: | Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO. |
| Choice A: | Gas. |
| Choice B: | Liquid. |
| Choice C: | Solid. |
| Choice D: | Core material is not relevant. |
| Question 6: Microbubble contrast agents can resonate when exposed to ultrasound energy. This phenomena is known as: |
| Reference: | Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO. |
| Choice A: | Acoustic streaming. |
| Choice B: | Reverberation. |
| Choice C: | Asynchronous vibration. |
| Choice D: | Stable cavitation. |
| Question 7: Ultrasound elastography is a method to assess the mechanical properties of tissue. There are various techniques of elastography, including: |
| Reference: | Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO. |
| Choice A: | Static. |
| Choice B: | Shear wave. |
| Choice C: | Dynamic. |
| Choice D: | All of above. |
| Question 8: In terms of Doppler ultrasound, which of the following statement regarding power and color Doppler is true? |
| Reference: | Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO. |
| Choice A: | Color Doppler displays the amplitude of the ultrasound. |
| Choice B: | Power Doppler is displayed in grey scale. |
| Choice C: | Power Doppler provides quantitative assessment of blood flow velocities. |
| Choice D: | Color Doppler provides quantitative assessment of blood flow velocities. |
| Question 9: For imaging applications, the ultrasound pulse typically consists of 3 cycles. For a breast ultrasound scanner, a 10 MHz transducer is used. What is the resolution of this ultrasound scan? |
| Reference: | Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO. |
| Choice A: | 0.92 mm |
| Choice B: | 0.46 mm |
| Choice C: | 0.23 mm |
| Choice D: | 0.12 mm |
| Question 10: The speed of sound in bone is ____ than in soft tissue: |
| Reference: | Essentials of ultrasound physics, James A Zagzebski, Mosby Publishing, St Louis, MO. |
| Choice A: | Faster. |
| Choice B: | Same. |
| Choice C: | Slower. |
