| Question 1: Which International Organization promotes safe use of ionizing radiation by providing educational material, international educational courses and instructorship to developing countries: |
| Reference: | LONG TERM STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS AND CURRENT STATUS https://www-ns.iaea.org/committees/files/CSS/205/status.pdf |
| Choice A: | United Nations |
| Choice B: | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |
| Choice C: | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) |
| Choice D: | International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) |
| Question 2: What is the magnitude of the effective dose from colonography screening relative to chest screening? |
| Reference: | - Rampinelli C et al (2017), BMJ 356:j347, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j347
- Berrington de González A et al (2011), AJR 196:816-823
- Lee C et al (2017), AJR 208:1-7
- Leidenbaum MH (2008), Eur Radiol 18:2222-2230
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| Choice A: | Lower. |
| Choice B: | About the Same. |
| Choice C: | Higher |
| Question 3: In neuroradiological interventions using an isocentric fluoroscope, which of the following statements describes the displayed reference air kerma, Ka,r: |
| Reference: | 1. NCRP, 2010. Report No. 168 - Radiation Dose Management for Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventional Medical Procedures. Bethesda, MD.
2. Artur Omar et al 2016 . A framework for organ dose estimation in x-ray angiography and interventional radiology based on dose-related data in DICOM structured reports. Phys. Med. Biol. 61 (8) 3063
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| Choice A: | Is defined on the central x-ray beam at a point located 15 cm from the isocenter toward the X-ray tube. |
| Choice B: | Includes backscatter but no forward scatter. |
| Choice C: | Accounts for attenuation wedges in the beam. |
| Choice D: | Is independent of fluoroscopy and image acquisition times. |
| Question 4: Which of the following special drugs might put some patients at greater risk for radiation injury: |
| Reference: | • Koenig TR, Wolff D, Mettler FA et al. Skin injuries from fluoroscopically guided procedures: part 1, characteristics of radiation injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177(1):3-11.
• Hall EJ. Radiobiology for the radiologist. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
|
| Choice A: | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. |
| Choice B: | Corticosteroids. |
| Choice C: | Actinomycin D. |
| Question 5: For Hybrid imaging such as PET/CCT and SPECT/CT, what is effect of the CT scan on overall radiation exposure to a patient? |
| Reference: | • Willowson KP, Bailey EA, Bailey DL. A retrospective evaluation of radiation dose associated with low dose FDG protocols in whole-body PET/CT. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2012;35(1):49-53.
• Bailey DL, Roach PJ, Bailey EA, Hewlett J, Keijzers R. Development of a cost-effective modular SPECT/CT scanner. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34(9):1415-26.
|
| Choice A: | Hardly affected. |
| Choice B: | Approximately doubled. |
| Choice C: | Increased greatly. |
| Choice D: | Decreased as less radiopharmaceutical is needed. |
| Question 6: The organ usually considered at greatest risk in radionuclide therapy treatments using alpha or beta emitters is: |
| Reference: | • Dale RG, Wondergem J. Chapter 2. Basic Radiobiology. In: Bailey DL, Humm JL, Todd-Pokropek A, Van Aswegen A, editors. Nuclear Medicine Physics; A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: IAEA; 2014. p. 49-75. (Available online and free).
• McParland BJ. Nuclear Medicine Radiation Dosimetry. London: Springer; 2011. 610 pp.
|
| Choice A: | Heart. |
| Choice B: | Kidney. |
| Choice C: | Liver. |
| Choice D: | Bone marrow. |
