Question 1: When did the first report of ultra-high dose rates of electron radiotherapy causing hypoxia in normal tissue get published? |
Reference: | Vozenin M –C, Hendry JH, Limoli CL. Biological benefits of ultra-high dose rate FLASH radiotherapy: sleeping beauty awoken. Clin Onc 2019: (19)30151-7. |
Choice A: | 1980s |
Choice B: | 1990s |
Choice C: | 2010s |
Choice D: | 1970s |
Question 2: What are some of the proposed mechanisms of action to explain the protective effect conferred to normal tissues by FLASH-RT from the Vozenin team? |
Reference: | Vozenin M –C, Hendry JH, Limoli CL. Biological benefits of ultra-high dose rate FLASH radiotherapy: sleeping beauty awoken. Clin Onc 2019: (19)30151-7. |
Choice A: | FLASH-RT potentially causes rapid, transient radiation-induced hypoxia. |
Choice B: | FLASH-RT preferentially spares normal tissues due to the differential oxygen tensions between tumor and normal tissues. |
Choice C: | FLASH-RT causes an instantaneous larger cascade of reactive species than conventional radiation which is metabolized more efficiently in normal tissues with lower pro-oxidant burdens than tumors. |
Choice D: | All of the above |
Question 3: Which dosimeters were utilized to confirm FLASH-RT dosimetry by Vozenin et al? |
Reference: | Vozenin M-C, De Fornel P, Petersson K et al. The advantage of FLASH radiotherapy confirmed in mini-pig and cat-cancer patients. Clin Canc Res 2019: 25:35-42. |
Choice A: | TLDs |
Choice B: | Gafchromic film |
Choice C: | Alanine pellets |
Choice D: | All of the above |
Question 4: Which one is the fundamental reason for normal tissue sparing when using FLASH proton therapy? |
Reference: | Harrington, Kevin J. "Ultrahigh dose-rate radiotherapy: Next steps for FLASH-RT." Clinical Cancer Research 25.1 (2019): 3-5. |
Choice A: | 5Rs (Repair, Reoxytenation, Redistribution, Repopulation, Radiosensitivity) |
Choice B: | Immune response |
Choice C: | Patient motion |
Choice D: | Bragg Peak |
Choice E: | it is still unknown |
Question 5: The major challenge of measuring ultra-high dose rate using an ion chamber is |
Reference: | Petersson, Kristoffer, et al. "High doseâ€perâ€pulse electron beam dosimetry—A model to correct for the ion recombination in the Advanced Markus ionization chamber." Medical physics 44.3 (2017): 1157-1167. |
Choice A: | Build-up insufficient |
Choice B: | Ion recombination correction |
Choice C: | TRS-398 protocol was not designed for FLASH dose calibration |
Choice D: | Induced secondary radiation |
Question 6: The key challenge in using FLASH proton therapy is |
Reference: | Patriarca, Annalisa, et al. "Experimental set-up for FLASH proton irradiation of small animals using a clinical system." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics 102.3 (2018): 619-626. |
Choice A: | Normal tissues in the beam path |
Choice B: | Size of the target volume |
Choice C: | Bragg Peak uncertainties |
Choice D: | All of the Above |