Question 1: According to the WHO report from May 2018, cancer was in the top 5 leading causes of death in 2016: |
Reference: | https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |
Choice A: | Globally |
Choice B: | In low-income countries |
Choice C: | In high-income countries |
Question 2: What are some of the reasons for the lack of radiotherapy services in low and middle income countries? |
Reference: | Sirohi, B., et al., August 2018. Developing institutions for cancer care in low-income and middle-income countries: from cancer units to comprehensive cancer centres. The Lancet Oncology, 19, pp.e395-e406. |
Choice A: | Competing health priorities |
Choice B: | A lack of radiotherapy professionals |
Choice C: | Inadequate infrastructure and services, e.g. unstable power |
Choice D: | A lack of adequate diagnosis (imaging and laboratory) |
Choice E: | Inequity between public and private cancer services |
Choice F: | All of the above |
Question 3: How many radiotherapy clinics per million people are there in the US as compared to India? |
Reference: | Education and Training Needs in Radiation Oncology in India: Opportunities for Indo-US Collaborations, Grover, S. et al., Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 93, 957-960, 2015 |
Choice A: | 5 times less |
Choice B: | 2 times more |
Choice C: | 18 times more |
Choice D: | 150 times more |
Question 4: What is the relative daily patient throughput for VMAT treatments if there are 3 hours of power outage per day on average? |
Reference: | Model for Estimating Power and Downtime Effects on Teletherapy Units in Low-Resource Settings, McCarroll, R. et al., J Global Onc, 3(5), 563-571, 2017 |
Choice A: | 5% |
Choice B: | 20% |
Choice C: | 70% |
Choice D: | 90% |
Question 5: Why is kilovoltage x-ray beam therapy to deep-seated targets challenging? |
Reference: | Breitkreutz, D.Y., Renaud, M.A., Seuntjens, J., Weil, M.D., Zavgorodni, S. and Bazalova-Carter, M., 2018. Inverse optimization of low-cost kilovoltage x-ray arc therapy plans. Medical physics, 45(11), pp.5161-5171. |
Choice A: | the fast beam attenuation in tissue |
Choice B: | higher dose to bone |
Choice C: | low x-ray beam output |
Choice D: | all of the above |
Question 6: When increasing KVAT collimator thickness which statement is correct? |
Reference: | Bazalova-Carter, M., Weil, M.D., Breitkreutz, D.Y., Wilfley, B.P. and Graves, E.E., 2017. Feasibility of external beam radiation therapy to deep-seated targets with kilovoltage x-rays. Medical physics, 44(2), pp.597-607. |
Choice A: | the target-to-skin ratio decreases and beam output increases |
Choice B: | the target-to-skin ratio increases and beam output decreases |
Choice C: | both the target-to-skin ratio increases and beam output decrease |
Choice D: | both the target-to-skin ratio increases and beam output increase |
Question 7: Fixed beam radiotherapy could be more cost effective than conventional radiotherapy due to: |
Reference: | Eslick, E. M., & Keall, P. J. (2015). The Nano-X Linear Accelerator: A compact and economical cancer radiotherapy system incorporating patient rotation. Technology in cancer research & treatment, 14(5), 565-572. |
Choice A: | More compact treatment system |
Choice B: | Less bunker shielding required |
Choice C: | Linac components can be kept stationary |
Choice D: | All of the above |
Question 8: Why is upright patient rotation more challenging to deliver than horizontal patient rotation? |
Reference: | Kairn, T. (2018). Patient rotation during linacâ€based photon electron radiotherapy. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology, 62(4), 548-552. |
Choice A: | Cost of patient rotation system |
Choice B: | Tumor motion during treatment |
Choice C: | Horizontal orientation of treatment planning images |
Choice D: | Patient discomfort during rotation |
Question 9: What is the maximum annual radiation dose for the general public (i.e., belonging to the uncontrolled treatment area) required by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)? |
Reference: | NCRP (1993). National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, NCRP Report No. 116 (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland). |
Choice A: | 0.5 millisievert (mSv)/year |
Choice B: | 0.1 millisievert (mSv)/year |
Choice C: | 10 millisievert (mSv)/year |
Choice D: | 100 millisievert (mSv)/year |
Question 10: Overall radiation leakage in the patient plane is limited by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to what mean percentage of total dose? |
Reference: | Reference: International Electrotechnical Commission: IEC 60601-2-1, v. 2014. |
Choice A: | 0.05% |
Choice B: | 0.1% |
Choice C: | 0.01% |
Choice D: | 0.015% |