| Question 1: 1. Target registration error (TRE) is defined as? |
| Reference: | Fitzpatrick, J.M., J.B. West, and C.R. Maurer, Jr., Predicting error in rigid-body point-based registration. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, 1998. 17(5): p. 694-702. |
| Choice A: | the uncertainty in selecting landmarks on an image |
| Choice B: | the average residual error between the identified points on Study B and the points identified on Study A, mapped onto Study A’ through image registration |
| Choice C: | the improvement in accuracy when using deformable registration over rigid registration |
| Choice D: | the volume overlap of 2 contours on registered images |
| Choice E: | the mean surface distance between 2 contours on registered images |
| Question 2: AAPM TG-132 recommends that registration errors larger than 1-2 voxels should be? |
| Reference: | Brock KK, Mutic S, McNutt TR, Li H, Kessler ML. ‘Use of image registration and fusion algorithms and techniques in radiotherapy: Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 132.’, Med Phys. 2017 Jul;44(7):e43-e76. doi: 10.1002/mp.12256. Epub 2017 May 23 |
| Choice A: | Ignored, errors in registration are irrelevant |
| Choice B: | Cause for eliminating the use of image registration |
| Choice C: | Should feed into uncertainty margins based on the use of the registration |
| Choice D: | Submitted for publication as a rare exception |
| Choice E: | Manually corrected by adjusting the deformation vector field |
| Question 3: AAPM TG-132 recommends that end to end testing be performed when image registration systems are integrated into a workflow with other software systems that use the registration results. |
| Reference: | Brock KK, Mutic S, McNutt TR, Li H, Kessler ML. ‘Use of image registration and fusion algorithms and techniques in radiotherapy: Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 132.’, Med Phys. 2017 Jul;44(7):e43-e76. doi: 10.1002/mp.12256. Epub 2017 May 23 |
| Choice A: | True |
| Choice B: | False |
| Question 4: Deformable dose accumulation is least likely to be required when |
| Reference: | Deformable Registration for Dose Accumulation, IJ Chetty and M Rosu-Bubulac, Seminars in Radiation Oncology, Volume 29, Issue 3, July 2019, p. 198-208. |
| Choice A: | Planning a treatment when the anatomy under consideration is changing due breathing motion |
| Choice B: | There is clinically important weight loss in the treatment area |
| Choice C: | Adding up dose from consecutive treatments to a limb |
| Choice D: | Retreatment is necessary |
| Question 5: Which of the followings describes an advantage of the interpolation methods for dose accumulation: |
| Reference: | Rosu M, Chetty IJ, Balter J, Kessler M, McShan D, Ten Haken RK. Dose reconstruction in deforming lung anatomy: Dose grid size effects and clinical implementation. Med Phys. 32(8): 2487-2495, 2005. |
| Choice A: | Dose is degraded mainly in the steep dose gradient regions |
| Choice B: | Dose interpolation does not take into account the physical aspects of dose deposition |
| Choice C: | Interpolation methods are fast and can be used with any dose computation
engine |
| Choice D: | Simple interpolation may be insufficiently accurate in regions where large deformations occur |
| Question 6: Which is not a major challenge in deformable dose accumulation using CBCT? |
| Reference: | Deformable Registration for Dose Accumulation, IJ Chetty and M Rosu-Bubulac, Seminars in Radiation Oncology, Volume 29, Issue 3, July 2019, p. 198-208 |
| Choice A: | CBCT HU-to-electron density conversion required for dose calculation |
| Choice B: | CBCT technology availability |
| Choice C: | CBCT images are of poor quality due to artifacts and reduced contrast |
| Choice D: | CBCT has limited field-of-view |
| Question 7: Which of the following statement is/ are correct?
Statement 1: In gynaecological cancers, adding external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy, without deformation is a good approximation, as deformable image registration algorithms may cause additional uncertainties.
Statement 2: For contour mapping and applicator reconstruction in brachytherapy, rigid registration based on applicator geometry provides good accuracy. |
| Reference: | ICRU Report 89, Prescribing, recording and reporting brachytherapy for cancer of the cervix. Oxford university press. Volume 13 No 1–2 2013. |
| Choice A: | Both statements 1 and 2 are correct |
| Choice B: | Statement 1 is correct and 2 is false |
| Choice C: | Statement 1 is false and 2 is correct |
| Choice D: | Both statements 1 and 2 are false |
| Question 8: A major challenge(s) in deformable dose accumulation of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy specific to gynaecological cancer is? |
| Reference: | Zhen X, Chen H, Yan H, et al, A segmentation and point matching enhanced efficient deformable image registration method for dose accumulation between HDR CT images. Phys Med Biol. 2015; ;60:2981-3002 . |
| Choice A: | The presence of brachytherapy applicator |
| Choice B: | Vaginal Packing |
| Choice C: | Bladder, rectum volume variation and tumor shrinkage |
| Choice D: | All of the above |
| Question 9: Which of the following is correct?
Statement 1: The goal of dose accumulation is to produce a composite dose distribution where the component doses are generated on 3D anatomical models acquired at different points in time.
Statement 2: Dose accumulation approaches include, center-of-mass methods, interpolation techniques, and energy mass methods. |
| Reference: | Deformable Registration for Dose Accumulation, IJ Chetty and M Rosu-Bubulac, Seminars in Radiation Oncology, Volume 29, Issue 3, July 2019, p. 198-208. |
| Choice A: | Both statements 1 and 2 are correct |
| Choice B: | Statement 1 is correct and 2 is false |
| Choice C: | Statement 1 is false and 2 is correct |
| Choice D: | Both statements 1 and 2 are false |
| Question 10: Which of the following is not considered a quantitative approach for validation and verification of deformable image registration accuracy, according to AAPM TG-132? |
| Reference: | Brock KK, Mutic S, McNutt TR, Li H, Kessler ML. ‘Use of image registration and fusion algorithms and techniques in radiotherapy: Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 132.’, Med Phys. 2017 Jul;44(7):e43-e76 |
| Choice A: | Target registration error |
| Choice B: | Jacobian determinant |
| Choice C: | Dice similarity coefficient |
| Choice D: | Contour mapping displays |
| Choice E: | None of the above |
