| Question 1: 1) Transperineal US imaging has what advantages over transabdominal imaging? |
| Reference: | Biomed Res Int. 2018; 2018: 7569590. Published online 2018 Jan 24. doi: 10.1155/2018/7569590 PMCID: PMC5829356 PMID: 29619375
THE USE OF ULTRASOUND IMAGING IN THE EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY WORKFLOW OF PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS
Saskia M. Camps, Davide Fontanarosa, Peter H. N. de With, Frank Verhaegen, and Ben G. L. Vanneste. |
| Choice A: | reduced reliance on an "US-Window" (i.e. the filled bladder) |
| Choice B: | reduces the sound-travel distance to the prostate |
| Choice C: | allows visualization of structures traditionally hidden by the symphysis |
| Choice D: | typically better image quality |
| Choice E: | all of the above |
| Question 2: Intrafractional excursions of the prostate as large as ______mm have been reported. |
| Reference: | INTRAFRACTIONAL MOTION OF THE PROSTATE DURING HYPOFRACTIONATED RADIOTHERAPY
YAOQIN XIE, PH.D.,* DAVID DJAJAPUTRA, PH.D.,* CHRISTOPHER R. KING, PH.D., M.D.,* SABBIR HOSSAIN, PH.D.,†LIJUN MA, PH.D.,†AND LEI XING, PH.D.*,A)
INT J RADIAT ONCOL BIOL PHYS. 2008 SEP 1; 72(1): 236–246. |
| Choice A: | 3 |
| Choice B: | 5 |
| Choice C: | 7 |
| Choice D: | 10 |
| Choice E: | 50 |
| Question 3: Intra-fractional prostate motion has been shown to be: |
| Reference: | INTRA-FRACTION MOTION OF THE PROSTATE IS A RANDOM WALK. H Ballhausen et al 2015 Phys. Med. Biol. 60 549 |
| Choice A: | consistently small in magnitude |
| Choice B: | very predictable |
| Choice C: | larger for large patients |
| Choice D: | stochastic |
| Choice E: | irrelevant for hypo-fractionated treatments |
| Question 4: 1. In comparison to free-hand pre-treatment transabdominal ultrasound acquisition positioner-assisted continuous trans-perineal ultrasound imaging eliminates: |
| Reference: | 1. Li, M., et al., Prefraction displacement and intrafraction drift of the prostate due to perineal ultrasound probe pressure. Strahlenther Onkol, 2017. 193(6): p. 459-465.
2. Fargier-Voiron, M., et al., Evaluation of a new transperineal ultrasound probe for inter-fraction image-guidance for definitive and post-operative prostate cancer radiotherapy. Phys Med, 2016. 32(3): p. 499-505.
3. Baker, M. and C.F. Behrens, Prostate displacement during transabdominal ultrasound image-guided radiotherapy assessed by real-time four-dimensional transperineal monitoring. Acta Oncol, 2015. 54(9): p. 1508-14.
4. Artignan, X., et al., Online ultrasound image guidance for radiotherapy of prostate cancer: impact of image acquisition on prostate displacement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2004. 59(2): p. 595-601. |
| Choice A: | Prostate displacements resulting from probe pressure |
| Choice B: | Operator induced systematic target displacements between imaging and treatment. |
| Choice C: | Inter-user variability in image acquisition and interpretation |
| Choice D: | All of the above |
| Question 5: Which of the following presents a challenge for experimental designs aiming at in-vivo evaluation of the accuracy of intra-fractional ultrasound prostate imaging and tracking: |
| Reference: | Biston, M.-C., et al., Comparison of electromagnetic transmitter and ultrasound imaging for intrafraction monitoring of prostate radiotherapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2019. 136: p. 1-8.
2. Han, B., et al., Evaluation of transperineal ultrasound imaging as a potential solution for target tracking during hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Radiat Oncol, 2018. 13(1): p. 151.
3. Grimwood, A., et al., In Vivo Validation of Elekta's Clarity Autoscan for Ultrasound-based Intrafraction Motion Estimation of the Prostate During Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2018. 102(4): p. 912-921. |
| Choice A: | Lack of real-time 3D reference imaging modality. |
| Choice B: | Small intra-fractional prostate displacements |
| Choice C: | Presence of exogenous imaging features from implanted fiducials |
| Choice D: | All of the above |
| Question 6: In phantoms and in patients, the discrepancies between transperineal ultrasound tracking and other reference tracking modalities have been consistently reported to be: |
| Reference: | Biston, M.-C., et al., Comparison of electromagnetic transmitter and ultrasound imaging for intrafraction monitoring of prostate radiotherapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2019. 136: p. 1-8.
2. Han, B., et al., Evaluation of transperineal ultrasound imaging as a potential solution for target tracking during hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Radiat Oncol, 2018. 13(1): p. 151.
3. Yu, A.S., et al., Intrafractional Tracking Accuracy of a Transperineal Ultrasound Image Guidance System for Prostate Radiotherapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2017. 16(6): p. 1067-1078. |
| Choice A: | Largest in left-to-right direction |
| Choice B: | Largest in inferior-superior direction |
| Choice C: | Largest in anterior-posterior direction |
| Choice D: | Same in all directions |
