| Question 1: Typical frequencies used in ultrasound therapy are between |
| Reference: | Dubinsky TJ, Cuevas C, Dighe MK, Kolokythas O, Hwang JH. High-intensity focused ultrasound: current potential and oncologic applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Jan;190(1):191-9. |
| Choice A: | 1 MHz and 4 MHz |
| Choice B: | 5 MHz and 8 MHz |
| Choice C: | 9 MHz and 12 MHz |
| Question 2: Which MRI property is commonly used for real time temperature mapping in thermal ultrasound therapy applications? |
| Reference: | Mougenot C, Quesson B, de Senneville BD, de Oliveira PL, Sprinkhuizen S, Palussière J, Grenier N, Moonen CT. Three-dimensional spatial and temporal temperature control with MR thermometry-guided focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU). Magn Reson Med. 2009 Mar;61(3):603-14. |
| Choice A: | T2 relaxation time |
| Choice B: | Proton resonance frequency shift |
| Choice C: | Proton density |
| Question 3: Strategies to direct therapeutic ultrasound non-invasively to the spinal canal must address issues of: |
| Reference: | Simulating transvertebral ultrasound propagation with a multi-layered ray acoustics model. Xu R, O’Reilly MA. Phys Med Biol. 63 145017, 2018. |
| Choice A: | Beam distortion |
| Choice B: | Standing wave formation |
| Choice C: | All of the above |
| Question 4: The necessary components for effective targeted drug delivery using hyperthermia are: |
| Reference: | Magnetic resonance guided high-intensity focused ultrasound for image-guided temperature-induced drug delivery. Hijnen N, Langereis S, Grüll H. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 72:65-81, 2014. |
| Choice A: | A nanoparticle capable of stable blood circulation and rapid release of its contents when exposed to heat |
| Choice B: | A heating method capable of precise and stable temperature elevations in a target volume |
| Choice C: | All of the above |
| Question 5: What is the mechanism of histotripsy-induced tissue disruption? |
| Reference: | Vlaisavljevich E, Maxwell A, Mancia L, Johnsen E, Cain C, Xu Z. Visualizing the Histotripsy Process: Bubble Cloud-Cancer Cell Interactions in a Tissue-Mimicking Environment. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016;42(10):2466-77 |
| Choice A: | High mechanical strain produced by cavitation |
| Choice B: | Heating by high energy of ultrasound delivered to the focus |
| Choice C: | All of above |
| Question 6: What happens to the liquefied tissue homogenate after histotripsy ablation in long term? |
| Reference: | Vlaisavljevich E, Greve J, Cheng X, Ives K, Shi J, Jin L, Arvidson A, Hall T, Welling TH, Owens G, Roberts W, Xu Z. Non-Invasive Ultrasound Liver Ablation Using Histotripsy: Chronic Study in an In Vivo Rodent Model. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016;42(8):1890-902. |
| Choice A: | Remains in situ and forms scar-like tissue in situ |
| Choice B: | Remains in situ but does not form scar |
| Choice C: | Goes to blood flow and gets reabsorbed by the body, results in reduction of the targeted tissue volume |
| Question 7: What is the dose-limiting toxicity for Doxorubicin responsible for long-term complications in pediatric subjects? |
| Reference: | Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in children. Bansal N, Amdani S, Lipshultz ER, Lipshultz SE. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 13(8): 817-832, 2017. |
| Choice A: | Mucositis |
| Choice B: | Cardiotoxicity |
| Choice C: | Myelosuppression |
| Question 8: To cross the Blood-Brain or Blood-Spinal Cord Barriers, therapeutics must be: |
| Reference: | The Blood-Brain Barrier: Bottleneck in Brain Drug Development. Pardridge N. NeuroRx. 2(1): 3-14, 2005. |
| Choice A: | Small, lipophilic molecules |
| Choice B: | Large, cationic molecules |
| Choice C: | Small, hydrophilic molecules |
| Question 9: Unique aspects of MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy compared to external beam radiation therapy include: |
| Reference: | Hynynen K. MRI-guided focused ultrasound treatments. Ultrasonics. 2010 Feb;50(2):221-9. |
| Choice A: | The ability to focus energy to a point |
| Choice B: | The use of non-ionizing radiative energy |
| Choice C: | Quantitative measurement of the absorbed thermal dose during treatment |
| Choice D: | Immediate visualization of tissue response with imaging |
| Choice E: | All of the above |
| Question 10: Clinical indications for MRI-guided focused ultrasound include treatment of: |
| Reference: | Hynynen K. MRI-guided focused ultrasound treatments. Ultrasonics. 2010 Feb;50(2):221-9. |
| Choice A: | Essential tremor |
| Choice B: | Prostate Cancer |
| Choice C: | Uterine Fibroids |
| Choice D: | Bone tumors |
| Choice E: | All of the above |
