| Question 1: Ontologies are representations of knowledge in a given domains and are most useful for which one of the applications: |
| Reference: | Phillips MH, Serra LM, Dekker A, Ghosh P, Luk SM, Kalet A, Mayo C. Ontologies in radiation oncology. Physica Medica. 2020 Apr 1;72:103-13. |
| Choice A: | Defining the datatypes and formats of information exchange; |
| Choice B: | Providing a rational definition of concepts and the relationships between them; |
| Choice C: | Describing a field of study in way that is suitable for the general public; |
| Choice D: | Becoming a standard for communications between computers. |
| Question 2: Which of the following is not true for the developing standard of Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR): |
| Reference: | Phillips M, Halasz L. Radiation oncology needs to adopt a comprehensive standard for data transfer: the case for HL7 FHIR. International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics. 2017 Dec 1;99(5):1073-5. |
| Choice A: | It is based on and uses modern computer standards such as the RESTful protocol, JSON or XML, HTTP operations; |
| Choice B: | It provides a standard and re-usable set of resources to describe the practice of healthcare in a way that promotes common use; |
| Choice C: | It encourages multiple uses of healthcare data since the data can be applied, discarded or operated on in a way that is similar to the DICOM standard; |
| Choice D: | The fixed nature of the defined resources promote communication by reducing the proliferation of vocabularies. |
| Question 3: A prostate cancer clinical research protocol specifies that each subject's date of diagnosis and pre-treatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value will be captured. Additional details are provided about the proper definition, units, and formatting of these values. This is an example of a: |
| Reference: | National Library of Medicine Data Thesaurus. Accessed 6/4/2020. https://nnlm.gov/data/thesaurus/data-dictionary |
| Choice A: | Terminology |
| Choice B: | Taxonomy |
| Choice C: | Data Dictionary |
| Choice D: | Ontology |
| Question 4: The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) is a list of terms (codes and descriptions) that represent various human diseases. It does not explicitly define any relationships between terms. ICD-10-CM is an example of a: |
| Reference: | Arp R, Smith B, Spear A. What is an Ontology? In: Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology. The MIT Press; 2015:1-25. |
| Choice A: | Database |
| Choice B: | Thesaurus |
| Choice C: | Ontology |
| Choice D: | Terminology |
| Question 5: While the DICOM Standard has many of the characteristics of an ontology, and has been somewhat successful in achieving semantic interoperability, it is not officially defined in a modern ontological framework, which impedes its ability to link with other formal ontologies. |
| Reference: | Smith B, Arabandi S, Brochhausen M, Calhoun M, Ciccarese P, Doyle S, Gibaud B, Goldberg I, Kahn C, Overton J, Tomaszewski J, Gurcan M. Biomedical imaging ontologies: A survey and proposal for future work. J Pathol Inform. 2015; 6: 37. doi: 10.4103/2153-3539.159214 PMID: 26167381 |
| Choice A: | True |
| Choice B: | False |
| Question 6: The DICOM Standard defines its own terminology codes and does not depend on nor reference any other terminology resource. |
| Reference: | The DICOM Standar Part 16 Chapter 8 “Coding Schemes” accessed at http://dicom.nema.org/medical/dicom/current/output/chtml/part16/chapter_8.html |
| Choice A: | True |
| Choice B: | False |
