| Question 1: Bone remodeling is a complex process consisting of: |
| Reference: | Bonewald, L. F. Osteocytes: a proposed multifunctional bone cell. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal. Interact. 2:239–241 (2002). |
| Choice A: | Bone formation by osteocytes initiated by cytokines |
| Choice B: | Initiation of bone resorption by osteocytes, bone formation by osteoblasts |
| Choice C: | Initiation of bone resorption by osteoclasts, bone formation by osteoblasts |
| Choice D: | Bone resorption and formation by osteocytes |
| Question 2: In vivo studies have demonstrated that the major mechanism for focal radiation damage to bone is the suppression of bone formation through apoptosis of: |
| Reference: | Chandra, A. et al. PTH prevents the adverse effects of focal radiation on bone architecture in young rats. Bone 55:449–457 (2013). |
| Choice A: | Both osteoblasts and osteocytes |
| Choice B: | Osteocytes |
| Choice C: | Osteoblasts |
| Choice D: | Osteoclasts |
| Question 3: As an ionizing particle travels through a cell, the complexity of damage increases with: |
| Reference: | Nikjoo H, O'Neill P, Wilson WE, Goodhead DT. Computational approach for determining the spectrum of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation.
Radiat. Res. 156:577-83 (2001). |
| Choice A: | Decreased LET |
| Choice B: | Increased LET |
| Choice C: | Increased particle energy |
| Choice D: | Decreased DNA density |
| Question 4: For a deeply seated human brain tumor (depth approx. 8 cm), if one wishes to achieve a spatially-fractionated minibeam pattern with pristine peaks and valleys of dose WITHIN the tumor, the ideal energy-range and particle species would likely be: |
| Reference: | Santos MD, Delorme R, Salmon R, Prezado Y. Minibeam radiation therapy: a micro- and nano-dosimetry Monte Carlo study. Med. Phys. 47:1379-1390 (2020). |
| Choice A: | Megavolt protons |
| Choice B: | Megavolt photons |
| Choice C: | Kilovolt photons |
| Choice D: | Kilovolt electrons |
| Question 5: Mechanisms proposed to explain the tissue sparing effects of minibeam therapy include which of the following: |
| Reference: | Bouchet A, Serduc R, Laissue JA, Djonov V. Effects of microbeam radiation therapy on normal and tumoral blood vessels. Physica Medica 31:634-641 (2015). |
| Choice A: | Vascular endothelial repair |
| Choice B: | DNA repair |
| Question 6: For minibeam therapy with particle beams, increasing the atomic mass of the particle beam from protons to heavy ions may offer the following advantages EXCEPT: |
| Reference: | Dilmanian FA, Eley JG, Krishnan S. Minibeam therapy with protons and light ions: Physical feasibility and the potential to reduce radiation side effects and to facilitate hypofractionation. Int J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 92:469-474 (2015). |
| Choice A: | Reduced impact of Multiple Coulomb Scattering and thus increased penetration of minibeam arrays to depth in tissue |
| Choice B: | Increased relative biologic effectiveness for tumor control |
| Choice C: | Reduced fragmentation of ions |
| Question 7: Micronuclei are composed of: |
| Reference: | Harding SM, Benci JL, Irianto J, Discher DE, Minn AJ, Greenberg RA. Mitotic progression following DNA damage enables pattern recognition within micronuclei. Nature 548:466-470 (2017). |
| Choice A: | Mitochondrial DNA |
| Choice B: | Double stranded RNA |
| Choice C: | Double stranded DNA |
| Choice D: | None of the above |
| Question 8: Which immune response signaling is activated by cytosolic double stranded DNA? |
| Reference: | Harding SM, Benci JL, Irianto J, Discher DE, Minn AJ, Greenberg RA. Mitotic progression following DNA damage enables pattern recognition within micronuclei. Nature 548:466-470 2017). |
| Choice A: | RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) |
| Choice B: | Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS-STING) |
| Choice C: | Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) |
| Choice D: | ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related) |
| Choice E: | All of the above |
| Question 9: What is the abscopal effect |
| Reference: | W Ngwa, C Omoruyi, J Schoenfeld, J Hesser, S Demaria, S Formenti. Using immunotherapy to boost the abscopal effect, Nature Review Cancer18:313-322 (2018) |
| Choice A: | An effect whereby radiotherapy at one site can cause regression of distant untreated tumors or metastasis |
| Choice B: | The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development |
| Choice C: | The death of most or all of tumor cells due to radiation |
| Question 10: Anti-CD40 used for radio-immunotherapy dose-painting directly activates the following immune cells: |
| Reference: | R H Vonderheide, CD40 Agonist Antibodies in Cancer Immunotherapy. Annu. Rev. Med. 71:47-58 (2020). |
| Choice A: | T-cells |
| Choice B: | Dendritic cells |
| Choice C: | Endothelial cells |
