| Question 1: During a conventional 3D acquisition on a robotic C-arm system, the gantry rotates with: |
| Reference: | G. Lauritsch, J. Boese, L. Wigstrom, H. Kemeth and R. Fahrig, "Towards cardiac C-arm computed tomography," in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 922-934, July 2006, doi: 10.1109/TMI.2006.876166. |
| Choice A: | Constant velocity |
| Choice B: | Variable velocity |
| Question 2: The primary objectives of adaptive imaging acquisitions are: |
| Reference: | T. Reynolds, C. Shieh, P.J. Keall and R. O’Brien, “Towards patient connected imaging with ACROBEAT: Adaptive CaRdiac cOne BEAm computed Tomography,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, 64 (6), 2019.
B. Lau, T. Reynolds, A. Wallis, S. Smith, A. George, P. Keall, J-J Sonke, SK Vinod, O. Dillon and R. O’Brien, “Reducing 4DCBCT scan time and dose through motion compensated acquisition and reconstruction”, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 66 (7), 2021 |
| Choice A: | Improving image quality via controlling the angular separation between x-ray projections |
| Choice B: | Reducing imaging dose |
| Choice C: | Reducing imaging time |
| Choice D: | All of the above |
| Question 3: ACROBEAT (Adaptive CaRdiac cOne BEAm computed Tomography) is an adaptive cardiac imaging technique that uses: |
| Reference: | T. Reynolds, O. Dillon, J. Prinable, B. Whelan, P.J. Keall and R. O’Brien, “Towards improved 3D carotid artery imaging with Adaptive CaRdiac cOne BEAm computed Tomography (ACROBEAT)” Medical Physics, 47 (11), 2020
T. Reynolds, C. Shieh, P.J. Keall and R. O’Brien, “Towards patient connected imaging with ACROBEAT: Adaptive CaRdiac cOne BEAm computed Tomography,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, 64 (6), 2019. |
| Choice A: | Single sweep retrospective ECG gating |
| Choice B: | Single sweep prospective ECG gating |
| Choice C: | Multi sweep retrospective ECG gating |
| Choice D: | Multi sweep prospective ECG gating |
| Question 4: What is the benefit of a line-ellipse-line trajectory CBCT scan compared to a circular CBCT scan: |
| Reference: | Guo Z, Lauritsch G, Maier A, Kugler P, Islam M, Vogt F, Noo F. C-arm CT imaging with the extended line-ellipse-line trajectory: first implementation on a state-of-the-art robotic angiography system. Phys Med Biol. 2020 Sep 18;65(18):185016. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9a82. PMID: 32512552. |
| Choice A: | Faster scan time |
| Choice B: | Dose reduction |
| Choice C: | Extended field of view |
| Choice D: | None of the above |
| Question 5: Noncircular CBCT imaging on robotic x-ray systems has been shown to: |
| Reference: | Ouadah S, Jacobson M, Stayman JW, et al. Task-driven orbit design and implementation on a robotic C-arm system for cone-beam CT. In: Proc. SPIE 10132, Med. Imaging Phys. Med. Imaging, 2017:101320H
Cordemans V, Kaminski L, Banse X, Francq BG, Cartiaux O. Accuracy of a new intraoperative cone beam CT imaging technique (Artis zeego II) compared to postoperative CT scan for assessment of pedicle screws placement and breaches detection. Eur Spine J. 2017;26:2906–2916.
Noo F, Oktay MB, Ritschl L, et al.X-ray cone-beam imaging of the entire spine in the weight-bearing position. In: Med. Imaging Phys. Med. Imaging, 2018:27. |
| Choice A: | Improve visualization of specific tasks |
| Choice B: | Extend the field of view |
| Choice C: | Reduce artefacts |
| Choice D: | All of the above |
| Question 6: Which aspect(s) of reconstruction image quality can orbits affect? |
| Reference: | Gottschalk, S.C., Salem, D., Lim, C.B. and Wake, R.H., 1983. SPECT resolution and uniformity improvements by noncircular orbit. Journal of nuclear medicine, 24(9), pp.822-828.
Stayman, J.W., Capostagno, S., Gang, G.J. and Siewerdsen, J.H., 2019. Task-driven source–detector trajectories in cone-beam computed tomography: I. Theory and methods. Journal of Medical Imaging, 6(2), p.025002. |
| Choice A: | Noise |
| Choice B: | Spatial resolution |
| Choice C: | Task-based detectability index |
| Choice D: | All of the above |
| Question 7: Orbits can mitigate metal artefacts through improving which of the following: |
| Reference: | Gang, G.J., Siewerdsen, J.H. and Stayman, J.W., 2020, March. Non-circular CT orbit design for elimination of metal artifacts. In Medical imaging 2020: physics of medical imaging (Vol. 11312, p. 1131227). International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Wu, P., Sheth, N., Sisniega, A., Wang, T., Uneri, A., Han, R., Vijayan, R., Vagdargi, P., Kreher, B., Kunze, H. and Kleinszig, G., 2020. C-Arm Non-Circular Orbits: Geometric Calibration, Image Quality, and Avoidance of Metal Artifacts. arXiv e-prints, pp.arXiv-2010. Kingston
Kingston, A.M., Myers, G.R., Latham, S.J., Recur, B., Li, H. and Sheppard, A.P., 2018. Space-filling X-ray source trajectories for efficient scanning in large-angle cone-beam computed tomography. IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging, 4(3), pp.447-458. |
| Choice A: | Beam hardening |
| Choice B: | Photon starvation |
| Choice C: | Data completeness |
| Choice D: | All of the above |
| Question 8: Which of the following is NOT a complete orbit for a central volume of interest: |
| Reference: | Tuy, H.K., 1983. An inversion formula for cone-beam reconstruction. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 43(3), pp.546-552.
Zeng, G.L. and Gullberg, G.T., 1992. A cone-beam tomography algorithm for orthogonal circle-and-line orbit. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 37(3), p.563. |
| Choice A: | Tilted circular orbit |
| Choice B: | Two circular orbits perpendicular to one another |
| Choice C: | Helical orbit |
| Choice D: | Circle plus line(s) |
| Question 9: The geometry of the high resolution upper extremity scan mode is built in such a way that: |
| Reference: | Jan-Peter Grunz, Andreas Max Weng, Carsten Herbert Gietzen, Maike Veyhl-Wichmann, Lenhard Pennig, Andreas Kunz, Rainer Schmitt, Süleyman Ergün, Thorsten Alexander Bley, Tobias Gassenmaier, Evaluation of Ultra-High-Resolution Cone-Beam CT Prototype of Twin Robotic Radiography System for Cadaveric Wrist Imaging,Academic Radiology, 2020. |
| Choice A: | tube and detector have the same distance to the isocenter |
| Choice B: | tube is closer to the isocenter than the detector |
| Choice C: | detector is closer to the isocenter than the tube |
| Choice D: | the distance between tube, detector and isocenter is constantly varying |
| Question 10: In a slot-scan imaging protocol for Dual Energy (DE) bone densitometry on a robotic X-ray system, the slot views are tiled prior to DE processing. The tiling is performed by: |
| Reference: | C. Zhao, C. Luckner, M. Herbst, S. Vogt, L. Ritschl, S. Kappler, J. H. Siewerdsen, W. Zbijewski, "Slot-scan dual-energy measurement of bone mineral density on a robotic x-ray system," Proc. SPIE 11312, Medical Imaging 2020: Physics of Medical Imaging, 1131205 (16 March 2020); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2549631 |
| Choice A: | Filtered Back Projection to exploit the tomosynthesis effect for better edge delineation |
| Choice B: | Unfiltered Back Projection to ensure that the resulting tiled radiographs represent x-ray attenuation for subsequent DE decomposition |
| Choice C: | Registration of slot boundaries and digital stitching |
| Choice D: | Algebraic Reconstruction Technique |
