| Question 1: Why does the radiation dose to children from the administration of a given amount of a particular radiopharmaceutical vary as compared to adults? |
| Reference: | Fahey FH, Treves ST, Adelstein SJ. Minimizing and communicating radiation risk in pediatric nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med. 2011 Aug;52 8 1240-51. |
| Choice A: | The instrumentation used for imaging. |
| Choice B: | The use of sedation or anesthesia. |
| Choice C: | The anatomy and physiology of the patient. |
| Choice D: | The method of image processing or reconstruction used. |
| Question 2: According to the BEIR VII Report, the risk of adverse stochastic effects from ionizing radiation in children as compared to adults is considered to be ________. |
| Reference: | Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. National Research Council, Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2006 |
| Choice A: | The same. |
| Choice B: | Higher. |
| Choice C: | Lower. |
| Choice D: | Not of concern. |
| Question 3: An effective approach to scaling the exposure to pediatric patients from the CT component of PET/CT is the use of _________. |
| Reference: | Fahey FH, Goodkind AB, Plyku D et al. Dose Estimation in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med. 2017 Mar;47 2 118-125. |
| Choice A: | Tube current modulation |
| Choice B: | Higher tube current (kVp) |
| Choice C: | Lower pitch (e.g. reducing the pitch form 1.0:1 to 0.75:1) |
| Choice D: | Extending the region of the patient being scanned |
| Question 4: Beyond the elimination of the radiation dose associated with CT, why can PET/MR lead to a substantial reduction of the administered activity (and thus radiation dose) to the patient compared to PET/CT? |
| Reference: | Zucchetta P, Branchini M, Zorz A et al. Quantitative analysis of image metrics for reduced and standard dose pediatric 18F-FDG PET/MRI examinations. Br J Radiol. 2019. Published online ahead of print |
| Choice A: | Shorter scan times. |
| Choice B: | Simultaneous imaging of PET and MR. |
| Choice C: | Improved attenuation correction compared to CT. |
| Choice D: | Higher detection efficiency of the PET component. |
| Question 5: Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct subsets data is usually divided into in DL: |
| Reference: | G. Chartrand, et al. Deep Learning: A Primer for Radiologists. RadioGraphics 2017; 37:2113 2131 |
| Choice A: | Training. |
| Choice B: | Crowd-sourcing. |
| Choice C: | Test. |
| Choice D: | Validation. |
| Question 6: Which of the following is NOT true of DL systems: |
| Reference: | G. Chartrand, et al. Deep Learning: A Primer for Radiologists. RadioGraphics 2017; 37:2113 2131 |
| Choice A: | DL systems are intensely data-hungry |
| Choice B: | Augmentation by operations such as rotation and zooming can be used to expand the number of examples in datasets for training DL systems. |
| Choice C: | DL systems are transparent in that it is easy to clearly define how the network is performing tasks. |
| Choice D: | In DL, a network learns the structure of features that compose a hierarchy in the data. |
