| Question 1: Which of these capture the essence of virtual trial? |
| Reference: | Abadi E, Segars WP, Tsui BMW, Kinahan PE, Bottenus N, Frangi AF, Maidment A, Lo JY, Samei E. Virtual clinical trials in medical imaging: a review. Journal of Medical Imaging 7(4): 042805, 2020. |
| Choice A: | Conducing a clinical trial computationally |
| Choice B: | Use the methodology as a precursor or replacement for a clinical trial |
| Choice C: | Assess the clinical relevance of a technology in advance of clinical prototyping |
| Choice D: | All the above |
| Question 2: A virtual imaging trial and an in silico imaging trial are one and the same |
| Reference: | Samei E, Kinahan P, Nishikawa R, Maidment A. Virtual clinical trials: why and what. (Invited editorial). Journal of Medical Imaging 7(4): 042801, 2020. |
| Choice A: | True |
| Choice B: | False |
| Question 3: What are the three key elements of a virtual trial? |
| Reference: | Abadi E, Segars WP, Tsui BMW, Kinahan PE, Bottenus N, Frangi AF, Maidment A, Lo JY, Samei E. Virtual clinical trials in medical imaging: a review. Journal of Medical Imaging 7(4): 042805, 2020. |
| Choice A: | Virtual patient, virtual analysis, virtual interpretation |
| Choice B: | Virtual patient, virtual intervention, virtual assessment |
| Choice C: | Virtual server, virtual diagnosis, virtual interpretation |
| Choice D: | Virtual diagnosis, virtual intervention, virtual assessment |
| Question 4: Based on the current state of the science, how close a virtual trial needs to be in order to be trusted as a viable method to assess medical technology |
| Reference: | Samei E, Abadi E, Kapadia A, Lo J, Mazurowski M, Segars WP. Virtual imaging trials: an emerging experimental paradigm in imaging research and practice. SPIE International Symposium on Medical Imaging, Houston, TX, February 2020, Proc. SPIE Medical Imaging 11312, 113121T, 2020. |
| Choice A: | To exactly replicate the results of an actual clinical trial |
| Choice B: | To reliably represent the differentials across alternative technological interventions |
| Choice C: | To echo the same level of uncertainty as seen in clinical trials |
| Choice D: | To replicate the clinical outcome of an intervention in individual patients |
| Question 5: Which of the following is NOT true regarding digital phantoms: |
| Reference: | 1. Segars, W. Paul, et al. "4D XCAT phantom for multimodality imaging research." Medical physics 37.9 (2010): 4902-4915.
2. Abadi, Ehsan, et al. "Virtual clinical trial in action: textured XCAT phantoms and scanner-specific CT simulator to characterize noise across CT reconstruction algorithms." Medical Imaging 2018: Physics of Medical Imaging. Vol. 10573. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2018. |
| Choice A: | Digital phantoms can be used to optimize imaging and treatment techniques in radiology and radiation oncology. |
| Choice B: | Digital phantoms can be used for a virtual clinical trial that is usually carried out after an actual clinical trial. |
| Choice C: | Ideally the digital phantom should simulate all aspects of patient images, including image textures and respiratory motions. |
| Choice D: | The quality of the digital phantoms generated by the deep learning models depends on the quality of the patient data used to train the model. |
| Question 6: Which of the following is NOT true regarding VCT for motion management in radiotherapy? |
| Reference: | 1. Chang, Yushi, et al. "A generative adversarial network (GAN)-based technique for synthesizing realistic respiratory motion in the extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantoms." Physics in Medicine & Biology 66.11 (2021): 115018.
2. Segars, W. Paul, et al. "4D XCAT phantom for multimodality imaging research." Medical physics 37.9 (2010): 4902-4915.. |
| Choice A: | Digital phantoms can be used to evaluate and optimize 4D imaging techniques. |
| Choice B: | The realism of the respiratory motion simulated in digital phantom will impact the effectiveness of VCT for motion management optimization. |
| Choice C: | A digital phantom developed based on a population of patient data can be used to customize the motion management for individual patients through VCT. |
| Choice D: | VCT can be used to evaluate the impact of patient motion on the treatment delivery. |
| Question 7: Which of the following is NOT true regarding the value of VCT for radiotherapy? |
| Reference: | 1. Panta, Raj K., et al. "Establishing a framework to implement 4D XCAT phantom for 4D radiotherapy research." Journal of cancer research and therapeutics 8.4 (2012): 565.
2. Segars, W. Paul, et al. "4D XCAT phantom for multimodality imaging research." Medical physics 37.9 (2010): 4902-4915. |
| Choice A: | The techniques optimized by VCT can be directly used for patient treatments without further validation |
| Choice B: | Provide tools to optimize onboard imaging techniques to optimize their image quality and reduce the imaging dose. |
| Choice C: | Provide ground truth that may not be available in clinical practice. |
| Choice D: | Provide the flexibility to simulate different patient scenarios to evaluate the robustness of different imaging and treatment techniques. |
| Question 8: In silico clinical trials can be used in the context of a regulatory submission to: |
| Reference: | : Badano A. In silico imaging clinical trials: cheaper, faster, better, safer, and more scalable. Trials. 2021 Jan 19;22(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-05002-w. PMID: 33468186; PMCID: PMC7814719. |
| Choice A: | Complement bench and preclinical evidence |
| Choice B: | Report patient dose in a clinical study |
| Choice C: | Determine uncertainty in trial outcomes |
| Choice D: | Design a virtual device |
| Question 9: As compared to clinical trials, VCTs typically: |
| Reference: | Badano A. In silico imaging clinical trials: cheaper, faster, better, safer, and more scalable. Trials. 2021 Jan 19;22(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-05002-w. PMID: 33468186; PMCID: PMC7814719. |
| Choice A: | Are less safe |
| Choice B: | Are more expensive |
| Choice C: | Use more patient data |
| Choice D: | Can be executed in shorter timeframes |
| Question 10: The VICTRE study is an example of: |
| Reference: | Badano A, Graff CG, Badal A, Sharma D, Zeng R, Samuelson FW, Glick SJ, Myers KJ. Evaluation of digital breast tomosynthesis as replacement of full-field digital mammography using an in silico imaging trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018; 1(7):185474. |
| Choice A: | A fully in silico imaging trial |
| Choice B: | An attempt to compare different digital mammography vendors |
| Choice C: | An attempt to replicate bench study data for digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis |
| Choice D: | A trial outcome based on life expectancy |
