| Question 1: Which pulse sequence produces less susceptibility-caused geometrics distortion in diffusion weighted images: |
| Reference: | Porter DA, Heidemann RM. High resolution diffusion weighted imaging using readout segmented echo planar imaging, parallel imaging and a two dimensional navigator based reacquisition. Magn Reson Med 2009;62:468 75. |
| Choice A: | single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence with a parallel imaging factor of 0 |
| Choice B: | Multishot EPI sequence with a parallel imaging factor of 3-4 |
| Choice C: | Multishot readout segmentation of long variable echo trains (RESOLVE) EPI sequence |
| Question 2: Which pulse sequence can acquire dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images for vasculature parameter quantification with less susceptibility-caused geometrics distortion |
| Reference: | M.S. Shiroishi, G. Castellazzi, J. L. Boxerman, F. D’Amore, M. Essig, T. B. Nguyen, J. M. Provenzale, D. S. Enterline, N. Anzalone, A. Dorfler, A. Rovira, M. Wintermark, M. Law. Principles of T2*-weighted dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI technique in brain tumor imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 41(2):296-313. |
| Choice A: | T2* weighted EPI based gradient-echo sequence |
| Choice B: | T2 weighted fast spin-echo sequence |
| Choice C: | T1 weighted fast gradient-echo sequence |
| Question 3: How to reduce motion artifacts in abdominal DCE MRI |
| Reference: | Reference: Hersh Chandarana 1, Tobias K Block, Andrew B Rosenkrantz, Ruth P Lim, Danny Kim, David J Mossa, James S Babb, Berthold Kiefer, Vivian S Lee. Free-breathing radial 3D fat-suppressed T1-weighted gradient echo sequence: a viable alternative for contrast-enhanced liver imaging in patients unable to suspend respiration. Invest Radiol 2011; 46(10):648-53. |
| Choice A: | Breath-holding |
| Choice B: | Motion triggered acquisition |
| Choice C: | Free-breathing radial sampling with post-processing motion correction |
| Question 4: Choline is believed to be associated with which of the following activities |
| Reference: | Horská A, Barker PB. Imaging of brain tumors: MR spectroscopy and metabolic imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2010;20(3):293-310. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2010.04.003 |
| Choice A: | Loss or dysfunction of normal neuronal tissue |
| Choice B: | BAnaerobic glycolysis |
| Choice C: | Membrane synthesis and degradation |
| Choice D: | one of the above |
| Question 5: Which of the below technique is a specific type of CEST imaging? |
| Reference: | Wu B, Warnock G, Zaiss M, et al. An overview of CEST MRI for non-MR physicists. EJNMMI Phys. 2016;3(1):19. doi:10.1186/s40658-016-0155-2 |
| Choice A: | AT1 weighted MRI |
| Choice B: | Diffusion weighted MRI |
| Choice C: | Proton density weighted MRI |
| Choice D: | Amide proton transfer (APT) weighted MRI |
| Question 6: Parameters’ quantification in Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting relies on: |
| Reference: | Ma, D., Gulani, V., Seiberlich, N. et al. Magnetic resonance fingerprinting. Nature 495, 187–192 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11971 |
| Choice A: | The application of tailored analytic formulas for each parameter |
| Choice B: | Pattern recognition |
| Choice C: | A global iterative numerical solution |
| Choice D: | The solution of an inverse problem |
| Question 7: Compared to morphologic MRI, quantitative MRI could improve adaptive radiotherapy because: |
| Reference: | van Houdt PJ, Saeed H, Thorwarth D, et al. Integration of quantitative imaging biomarkers in clinical trials for MR-guided radiotherapy: Conceptual guidance for multicentre studies from the MR-Linac Consortium Imaging Biomarker Working Group. Eur J Cancer. 2021 Aug;153:64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.04.041. |
| Choice A: | qMRI parameter values are reliable over time |
| Choice B: | Tissue changes during treatment are more visible in multi-color maps than in grayscale images |
| Choice C: | Contrast-to-noise ratio between pathologic and normal tissue is higher |
| Choice D: | Signal-to-noise ratio is higher in parametric maps than in MR images. |
| Question 8: Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about multi-parametric MRI? |
| Reference: | Kumar V, Bora GS, Kumar R, Jagannathan NR. Multiparametric (mp) MRI of prostate cancer. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc. 2018;105:23-40.
Marino MA, Helbich T, Baltzer P, Pinker-Domenig K. Multiparametric MRI of the breast: A review. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;47(2):301-315 |
| Choice A: | Uses same sequences for different anatomical sites |
| Choice B: | Provides more accurate tumor assessment than conventional MRI |
| Choice C: | Brings challenges of analyzing and displaying large amount of data |
| Choice D: | Provides improved reproducibility and reliability than conventional MRI |
| Question 9: Which one of the following is UNLIKELY to be a radiotherapy application for multi-parametric MRI? |
| Reference: | Citak-Er F, Firat Z, Kovanlikaya I, Ture U, Ozturk-Isik E. Machine-learning in grading of gliomas based on multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2018;99:154-160. |
| Choice A: | Differentiate tumor with hemorrhage, infection, edema, or micro-infiltration |
| Choice B: | Treatment assessment |
| Choice C: | Generate synthetic CT |
| Choice D: | Real-time treatment monitoring |
| Question 10: What one of the following statements is INCORRECT about 4D-MRI? |
| Reference: | Stemkens B1, Paulson ES, Tijssen RHN. Nuts and bolts of 4D-MRI for radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2018 Oct 23;63(21):21TR01. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/aae56d. |
| Choice A: | Is also called respiratory correlated MRI |
| Choice B: | Has better soft-tissue contrast than 4D-CT |
| Choice C: | Is routinely used in the clinic for tumor motion management |
| Choice D: | Has inconsistent performance among patients |
