| Question 1: Which one of the following geometrical models can represent certain curved objects at any scale and with unlimited resolution? |
| Reference: | Almansa J et al., PENGEOM—A general-purpose geometry package for Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport in material systems defined by quadric surfaces, Computer Physics Communications 199, p. 102-113 (2016) |
| Choice A: | Quadric equations. |
| Choice B: | Voxels. |
| Choice C: | Tetrahedral volume mesh. |
| Choice D: | Triangle mesh surface. |
| Question 2: The geometrical modeling approach that best handles complex anatomical features and organ deformations is called: |
| Reference: | Xu G, An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history, Physics in Medicine and Biology 59, p. R233 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/R233 |
| Choice A: | Constructive solid geometry. |
| Choice B: | Boundary representation. |
| Choice C: | Principal components. |
| Question 3: Which of the following steps in microscopic Monte Carlo simulations is the most computationally challenging? |
| Reference: | Tsai et al., A new open‐source GPU‐based microscopic Monte Carlo simulation tool for the calculations of DNA damages caused by ionizing radiation‐‐‐Part I: Core algorithm and validation, Medical Physics 47, p. 1958 (2020) |
| Choice A: | Physical stage simulation. |
| Choice B: | Physicochemical stage simulation. |
| Choice C: | Chemical stage simulation. |
| Choice D: | DNA damage complexity calculation. |
| Question 4: Brachytherapy can be administrated using gamma-emitting radionuclides with low energies, intermediate energies, or high energies. Which of the following statements is correct? |
| Reference: | Famulari G, Pater P, Enger SA. Microdosimetric Evaluation of Current and Alternative Brachytherapy Sources-A Geant4-DNA Simulation Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 100(1), p. 270-277 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.09.040 |
| Choice A: | For the high- and intermediate-energy brachytherapy sources, lineal energy tends to decrease with the depth from the source, because the contribution of scattered photons to dose deposition increases with the distance from the source. |
| Choice B: | For low-energy sources such as 125-I, the lineal energy does not vary with the distance from the source owing to a lack of scattered photons. |
| Choice C: | Experimental studies and calculations using x-ray sources, low-energy brachytherapy sources, and electronic brachytherapy sources have shown that a relative biological effectiveness of unity can be applied to all photon emitting sources. |
| Question 5: Monte Carlo track structure algorithms offer: |
| Reference: | Bernal MA et al., Track structure modeling in liquid water: A review of the Geant4-DNA very low energy extension of the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit, Physica Medica 31, p. 861-874 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.10.087 |
| Choice A: | A semi-empirical approach to model cell survival. |
| Choice B: | A stochastic approach to model physical interactions and energy deposits on the nanometer scale. |
| Choice C: | Condensed history simulation approach. |
| Choice D: | Experimental data on DNA damage. |
| Question 6: DNA strand breaks from radiation can occur from: |
| Reference: | Chatzipapas KP et al., Ionizing Radiation and Complex DNA Damage: Quantifying the Radiobiological Damage Using Monte Carlo Simulations, Cancers 12(4), 799 (2020). |
| Choice A: | The direct interaction of ionizing particles. |
| Choice B: | The interaction of free radical species. |
| Choice C: | Combination of direct and indirect effects. |
| Choice D: | All of the above. |
